Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Review - Article Example Consequently, the market experiences a disequilibrium condition in terms of either surpluses or scarcities (Yetter, 2013). Given that, supply and demand assessment can be quite complex, the newsletter helps the reader to separate changes in both demand and supply from activities alongside supply and demand curves. The newsletter offers a practical meaning regarding two forms of government interventions within the markets, comprising price controls and quantity controls. One major supposition deduced from the newsletter is that government price floors tend to form surpluses, since they place prices higher than equilibrium price. As a result, the quantity of goods or service supplied surpasses quantity demanded. On the other hand, government price ceilings tend to form shortages since they institute prices lower than equilibrium, and as a result, the quantity demanded surpasses quantity supplied. However, Mishkin & Eakins (2012), observes that the semi-strong outline in efficient marke t hypothesis is the one that makes the present market prices to mirror information already present in the public domain. This is because market prices tend to adjust to any good information or bad news contained in the performance of the economy. Therefore, if a price ceiling imposed by the government becomes greater than market equilibrium price, then the price ceiling would have no effect on the economy. Nevertheless, Yetter concurs with Mishkin & Eakins that in current market economy, prices serve the duo purpose of sending signals regarding relative scarceness of both goods and services (2012). This is more so through the provision of incentives to both buyers and sellers. Therefore, there will be no supply restrictions or encouragement in demand. Both observe that the price ceiling will hold, only when the equilibrium price is higher than the price ceiling, and coupled with a shortage of the service or goods. Furthermore, the newsletter asserts that, if government makes market prices to be higher than equilibrium prices, then a surplus will follow. This is because more people will offer the services at a minimum price, compared to the number of people willing to pay for the service. Yetter argument can be observed in the current health-care market, whereby states governments, which incur most of their residents’ health-care bills, have made prices to increase (2013). Consequently, the high prices make the state governments to implement price controls, such that massive physician shortage takes place and which leads to massive queues and patients waiting lists. As such, only price caps enforced by government will only force the healthcare prices to return to liberated market rates. Therefore, the issue becomes whether government intervention will affect the demand and supply of healthcare considering the far-reaching government regulations such as Obama-care. Yetter in the newsletter observes that any increase in anticipated price will change the su pply-curve towards the right (2012). Yetter points out that in the case of airlines baggage, if government enforces a price floor due to increasing charges, then passengers will increase the number of baggage considerably, such that airlines can make available space to be relatively fixed while refusing to inspect additional baggage. Therefore, in healthcare paid by government, most people will be obliged to purchase insurance instead of buying as you go, and which

Evaluation of Restorative Justice Programs

Evaluation of Restorative Justice Programs It is simple to suppose that prisoners are not human beings. In some way once an individual is found guilty of a crime and incarcerated, they become, in the sense of the law, almost more like an object than a person. Many prisoners suffer the loss of not only their independence, but their right to vote, their ability to settle with victims of their crimes, their right to personal safety, their right to parent, their right to be assumed innocent until proven guilty and indeed their right to dignity. A requirement for punishment and retribution is the compelling philosophy behind our penal system. But is incarceration always necessary for those who have committed a crime and, moreover, what of those defendants who will not repeat the crime? Furthermore, the adult prison population in England and Wales has grown from 36,000 in 1991 to 62,000 in 2003. Indeed, this is one of the central problems facing contemporary penal policy and another reason why we should seek alternatives to incarce ration. This essay considers the need for restorative justice as a substitute for incarceration in many cases. Restorative justice is one of the most commonly considered advancements in the region of crime and justice. Its proponents argue that retributive justice, society’s conventional answer to crime, neither meets the needs of crime victims nor prevents re-offending. Instead, it supposes a disconnected, adversarial procedure and ‘sees crime as a violation of the state, defined by law breaking and the establishing of guilt. It determines blame and administers punishment in a contest between the offender and the state.’[1] As an substitute, they suggest, should be restorative justice, in which families and communities of offenders persuade them to take responsibilities for the consequence of their conduct, express repentance and restore the destruction that they have caused: Restorative justice encourages all of us involved in the criminal justice system to see justice in a new light. In many cases it helps victims of crime have a say in what happens to an offender. It can also be part of the rehabilitation process for offenders themselves. Restorative justice is about helping every victim get over the crime they’ve suffered. When a victim chooses to meet the offender it often helps them feel safer and more satisfied that justice has been done. So as we reform the criminal justice system to put victims and communities first, restorative justice should have a key place at the heart of our reforms.[2] The fundamental rudiments of restorative justice symbolize a procedure based, among other things, on values of participation, respect, honesty, accountability and empowerment.[3] As established by the Home Office, restorative justice is not a ‘unified concept.’[4] Restorative processes concern victims, offenders, their families and the community, to cooperatively recognize and address harms, needs and requirements, so as to heal and put things as right as possible. This was recognized in Johnathan Carter’s case, where the restorative justice process resulted in an agreement that went some way to remedying the harm caused to the victims, whilst also understanding the harm that the offender had brought upon himself. Johnathan Carter’s case is a classic example of a crime that was committed but will never be repeated. It is submitted, in agreement with the principle established in this case, that restorative justice is a valuable alternative to incarceration, where the crime will never be repeated. The driver, Johnathan, of a car had been drinking that afternoon but had felt fit to drive. About fifteen minutes into the drive, the driver failed to drive the vehicle around a severe bend and he lost control. As a result, the car hurtled into a bank and Aaron Calvert, one of the passengers, was thrown out of the car and died at the incident. Soon after the disaster, the Johnathan was tested for alcohol consumption. The test revealed a blood alcohol reading in excess of the legal limit. He stated that he was guilty to a charge of driving with surplus blood alcohol causing death. Throughout sentencing, the Judge had to reflect on the appropriate sentence for a man who had killed ‘his lifelong best friend.’[5] The law at the time of the sentencing imparted that the maximum sentence was five years imprisonment.[6] On the other hand, preceding sentencing, Johnathan had agreed to take part in a restorative justice conference. During the conference an understanding was reached recommending definite results to the sentencing Judge. However, the Judge’s ruling was constrained by legal standards and legislation which did not then require him to take into account restorative justice effects. During the time of the case, a sentence of incarceration almost always resulted in a charge of alcohol-related driving causing death.[7] All the same, directing his comments to Johnathan, the sentencing judge conveyed the following, sensitive declaration: To hear the effect of the death of their eldest child on his parents would draw tears from stone. Even more moving, was their heartfelt and tearful plea, made in Court, that you, who have been like a brother to their son, and in some ways like a son to them, not be imprisoned. For them, that would be a second tragedy on top of the first, and would achieve nothing.[8] Subsequent to an appraisal of all the concerns, the Judge determined that a fair result was 18 months imprisonment. He suspended that sentence for the duration on the grounds that Johnathan was quite young, he had a previous ‘almost spotless’ record, he needed rehabilitation, had ‘diminished culpability,’ had been accommodating with the Police, was repentant and there was loving family and community support. The results of the restorative justice conference were taken into contemplation. Employing the conference agreement, the Court suspended Johnathan’s license for three years, ordered him to contribute $4,000 towards the headstone, perform two hundred hours of community service and to address specific assemblies at five secondary schools in his neighbourhood relating to the dangers of drinking and driving. Jonathan Carter’s case represent a feasible process of dealing with crime in our communities and an improved way to consider the victim’s interests. It also demonstrates how restorative justice procedures are not fundamentally an alternative for, but can also act in combination with the current retributive methodology. The conference acknowledged the needs of the family, some of which were at odds with sentencing practice at that time, and balanced these with the needs of the community. Restorative justice is therefore process rather than outcome driven. Increasing empirical evidence demonstrates substantial settlements of restorative justice, with benefits prevailing over harms. From a crucial account, known as the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE), carried out in Canberra, Australia over five years, from 1995 to 2000, offenders who recognized accountability for one of two categories of crime- personal property crime executed by juvenile offenders and middle-range violent crimes committed by offenders aged up to twenty-nine years, were allocated at random either to go to court or to act at a restorative justice conference.[9] The conference concerned a meeting assembled by a trained facilitator between offenders and their family and friends acting as supporters, collected with the victims and their supporters. At the conference, members deliberated what had happened when the offence took place, who the offence had influenced and in what regard, and what could be done to reinstate the harm caused. In the sequence of the confer ence, often a highly representing encounter, victims explained candidly to their offenders the total consequences of the offence. Offenders had the possibility to take accountability for their actions and understand the result in means not available in the courtroom. The conference concluded with an outcome agreement intended to repair the harm caused by the offence.[10] The appraisal of RISE test was incorporated into understanding of the conferences and court measures, interviews with the victims after their cases were organized, and reassessing of official information. The assessment provides evidence of the benefits, and harms, that victims and offenders experienced from restorative against conventional justice. Restorative justice conferences are under test in the United Kingdom.[11] In none of these procedures have offenders lost rights or had legal procedures abused because of their voluntary contribution in restorative justice procedures. While there is mounting discussion of sentencing offenders to meet with victims as a requirement of a community sentence, as a substitute for imprisonment, it is not obvious that this solitary procedure would abuse the rights of an offender permitted to choose imprisonment rather than a meeting with a victim. While offenders reported in the above study that restorative justice conferences are stressful, stress as a solitary reason is not an infringement of human rights and prosecution and incarceration are also stressful. The stress or disgrace of restorative justice may be a required part in the reforming process that eventually benefits the offender.[12] Offenders derive an increased sense of respect from restorative justice processes. When they are d iverted to restorative justice preferably than being imprisoned, they can evade a criminal record and its related disabilities. In order for this alternative to incarceration to work however, it is fundamental to restorative justice that everyone at present, including the victim and offender, is there voluntarily. If this is not case then alternatives and incarceration is more favourable. In supposition however, it is determined and consistent punishment of crime that discourages offenders from committing crime. In common economics, the fundamental mechanism of this theory is a reasonable choice in support of cost-benefit ratios of compliance with the law, relative to cost-benefit ratios of breaking the law. Until very recently, restorative justice has been regarded chiefly as an innovation to be used with young offenders to dissuade them from pursuing a criminal career. However, research has revealed that in opposition of this conventional wisdom, restorative justice is more useful in deterring violent crime than property crime, for example.[13] It seems that the higher level of emotional engagement in these conditions is relative to reducing re-offending. It is submitted that imprisonment should be ruled out for minor offences and instead replaced with restorative justice. Furthermore, there is the controversial issue of when offences cannot and will not be repeated. An example was the case illustrated above, where restorative justice was combined with methods of incarceration. In the grey area of euthanasia and mercy killing, this system could be used, depending on the individual circumstances of the case in question. Owing to prison overcrowding and the notion of unfairness connected with incarceration for one off offences, restorative justice appears to be in a superior position to improve that problem. Furthermore, in consequence of the substantial evidence of injustice and contempt in reference to victims by criminal justice, restorative justice appears to be in an effective alternative. Arguments may be made against an assertion in theory, but the evidence from practice provides little assistance to the theoretical objections. The more rapidly criminal justice opens its doors to restorative justice, the sooner we can begin to restore a positive and just system of criminal justice. Bibliography As per footnotes and Ashworth reference provided by customer Footnotes [1] Helen Bowen and Jim Consedine, Restorative Justice- Contemporary Themes and Practice (Ploughshares Publications, Lyttleton, (1999) 18 [2] Baroness Scotland QC, Home Office Minister for the Criminal Justice System and Law Reform, Restorative Justice Annual Conference in London, March 16 2005 [3] Restorative Justice in New Zealand: Best Practice (May 2004, Ministry of Justice, Wellington) 24 [4] United Kingdom Home Office, An International Review of Restorative Justice, Crime Reduction Series, Paper 10 (London 2001) [5] Police v Carter (unreported, District Court, New Zealand 2001 April) [6] Section 30AB Transport Act 1962 [7] R v Brodie [1999] 2 NZLR 513 [8] Section 21(A) Criminal Justice Act 1985 repealed [9] Ibid [10] http://www.aic.gov.au/rjustice/rise/index.hgtml [11] http://www.crim.upenn.edu/jrc/faq.html (2001) [12] Nathan Harris, Shaming and Shame: Regulating Drink Driving, 73 Alfred Blumstein and David Farrington eds 2001 [13] Ibid

Future Of Education :: essays research papers

Technology and the Future of Formal Education The responsibilities for the formal preparation of students for education in the future are dynamic and diverse. What priorities are most important for the future of the Australian education system? The mission statement of The Cathedral School is to be a caring, Christian community in which students are challenged and inspired to explore, learn and grow so they will be equipped to make wise decisions as informed members of society. The Aims of The Cathedral School is; To be a centre for academic excellence. To encourage an understanding that the spiritual and moral aspects of life are central to our humanity. To affirm the unique worth of the individual. To inspire our students through creative, purposeful, enjoyable learning to reach their full potential. To develop attitudes which are anticipatory, visionary and reflective. To educate our students to be discerning, sensitive and responsible. Both the mission statements as well as the aims are very thorough, but they lack the understanding of the information age. They do not mention technology or the future ahead. The change to the culture of the classroom environment with the introduction of technology is a serious matter to look at. Overall the introduction of technology in the classroom is a great benefit to students, giving them access to word processing applications, as well and access to the World Wide Wed and CD-ROM’s. This large amount of knowledge flowing from the computer to the brains of the students is very overwhelming. Students will have to learn how to sift though this large amount of information to find what is important, trust worthy and also most importantly, relevant. The importance of information technology literacy in the information age is a vital life skill. In order to be able to handle and access information a student will need to have the ability to use a computer well. If a student has not had experience with computers, it will seriously disadvantage them in their study as well and the classroom environment. The role of technologies distance education is an ex citing and interesting topic. Information can be sent and delivered in seconds, which breaches the gap between teachers and students. They are always new products becoming available to help in the advancement and ease of distance education. One major problem with the use of technology is the cost element. To establish a network of computers and information databases to be used by the average student is a extremely large task.

Horizontal Integration

Competition DG Information, communication and multimedia Media Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law Miguel Mendes Pereira* â€Å"The ICT and Media Sectors within the EU Policy Framework† U. L. B. -SMIT (Studies on Media, Information and Telecommunications) CEAS-Norwegian School of Management, Oslo Telenor Broadcast Brussels, 7 April 2003 OUTLINE Introduction I. Convergence and integration 1. Technical convergence 2. Economic convergence 3. Efficiencies II. Competition issues 1. The competitive arena 2.Foreclosure 3. The dominance test III. Vertical integration 1. 2. 3. 4. The gate-keeper issue Foreclosure of input markets Leveraging Network effects IV. Horizontal integration 1. General assessment 2. The Newscorp/Telepiu case 3. The EMI/Time Warner case V. Remedies 1. The balance between efficiencies and foreclosure 2. Remedies in the Newscorp/Telepiu case 3. Remedies in the cases Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus, Vizzavi and AOL/Time Warner Conclusion * Administrator, European Commission/DG Competition/Media Unit. Lecturer at the Law School of the University of Lisbon.The opinions expressed are purely personal and only engage the author. â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish first of all to thank the SMIT Center and Telenor for inviting me to speak here today. I intend to give you a brief overview of the competition issues raised by vertical and horizontal integration of companies in the media sector. I will start by referring to the convergence trend in the media and telecommunications sectors and its link to the concentration wave we have witnessed during these past three years.I will then highlight the main competition issues which this type of operations raise from a theoretical point of view. I will subsequently address the issues linked specifically to vertical as well as to horizontal integration, and c onclude by illustrating how the European Commission has dealt with these problems by means of remedies accepted as a condition for the approval of this type of concentrations. In so doing, I will refer to a number of cases recently assessed by the Commission such as AOL/Time Warner, EMI/Time Warner, Vizzavi, Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus and, decided just last week, Newscorp/Telepiu.I. CONVERGENCE & INTEGRATION Convergence has become all too familiar to most of us as one of the main driving forces behind the recent changes occurred in the media and telecom industries. However, as it so frequently happens with notions that turn into â€Å"buzzwords†, the many meanings attributed to the term â€Å"convergence† are often ambiguous and, as such, unhelpful in order to describe the evolution of the media and telecom industries. Let me therefore turn, first of all, to the two meanings of the term â€Å"convergence† that I consider to be most relevant from a competition la w point of view. . Technical convergence Technical convergence mainly concerns the possibilities offered by digital technology. Those possibilities are reflected, for example, in the infra-structures required to deliver contents like movies or music. With the current digital technology, huge amounts of data may be transmitted to a high number of users through different networks (mobile networks, Internet, satellite). This allows for the dematerialization of media products traditionally sold as physical products (newspapers, films, CD’s) by transforming them into packages of bytes.At the same time, digital technology allows for the convergence of traditionally separate media into a single product, putting together text, sound, video and voice in what has become known as multimedia. Access to TV broadcasting, or rather webcastig, on the Internet is already nowadays a reality and listening to an MP3 music file on a cellular phone is nothing new. 2. Economic convergence Audio-vis ual products were never cheap but the growing competition induced by the proliferation of TV channels has inflated production costs. For example, the by now famous saga â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† has had reported costs of â‚ ¬ 278 million.In order to have an idea of the recent increase in the price for audio-visual contents it is sufficient to compare, for example, the price paid for broadcasting rights of the Football World Cups of 1990, 1994 and 1998 – 241 million ECU – with the price paid for the same rights in respect of the World Cups of 2002 and 2006 – 1,7 billion Euro. Only large companies seem to be able to afford such astronomical costs. 2 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira In face of economic barriers of such dimension, media companies have shown a trend towards concentration. . Efficiencies What appeared to be particularly new about these alliances and mer gers in the media industry was the search of not only the traditional economies of scale but, above all, the search of economies of scope. This translated into an attempt to use the same product in a number of different ways: pure entertainment and telecommunication, or entertainment and information, or information and telecommunication. From an economic point of view, economies of scope basically translate in lower Average Total Costs as a result of producing a wide range of products.The main feature of this type of concentrations is the vertical integration of the different levels of production and distribution of media products that leads to companies which are able to, for example, produce films or music, register them in DVDs or CDs and distribute them not only to â€Å"brick and mortar† shops but also through the cable, satellite or mobile telephony networks they own. Vertically integrated companies are in a position to exploit their products at every single level of th e value chain. „Create Once, Place Everywhere! seemed to be the motto for the media industry during the Internet bubble, illustrating the need for media producers to place their products in the largest possible number of different platforms. This was the underlying reason for alliances and mergers between companies which are active in sectors of the economy that used to be separate like television and telecommunications. Operations like AOL/Time Warner, Vivendi/Universal, Vivendi/Vodafone for the setting up of portal Vizzavi or the acquisition of Dutch entertainment producer Endemol by the Spanish telecom company Telefonica clearly illustrate this trend.It should be said that, to a large extent, the ratio underlying some of these operations was a deep faith in the Internet potential and a strong belief in the synergies resulting from cross-supply between different technical platforms belonging to the same vertically integrated company. The burst of the â€Å"dotcom bubbleâ₠¬  showed how some of these expectations were possibly premature. We now start seeing some of the vertically integrated groups selling off some of their units (AOL/TW or Vivendi/Universal) and witness consolidation caused by heavy losses incurred during these past few years.Such is the case of the pay-TV industry, as illustrated by the merger in Spain of the platforms Canal Satelite and Via Digital and the merger in Italy between the platforms Stream and Telepiu, approved by the Commission just last week. After a period of extensive vertical integration, we now witness a reflux of horizontal integration dictated to some extent by financial reasons. II. COMPETITION ISSUES 1. The competitive arena Turning now to the competition issues raised by integration of companies, the first step required in order to understand the forces at play is to determine the perimeter of the competitive arena.What do media companies compete for, whom do they try to sell their products to and how do they intend to do it? Media companies compete for – essentially – three things. First, they compete for content, which is what they will ultimately sell to their customers. Access to content produced by third parties or the establishment of production facilities is a sine qua non condition for entering or staying in business. Secondly, they compete for the best way to deliver such content to customers. Access to delivery channels owned by third parties or 3 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M.Mendes Pereira the possibility to establish their own paths to the customer is what allows media companies to distribute their output. Finally, they compete for the obvious ultimate addressee of all this competition: the customer. But this is a contest which goes beyond the obvious competition for a onetime sale. Some of the businesses in the media & telecom sector (e. g; pay-TV, Internet access), like most IT-driven b usinesses, are based on a durable relationship with the customer. An established customer basis allows for the progressive development of new services and products and for the consequent increase in ARPU1.Access to potential clients managed by third parties or the build-up of their own client basis is the ultimate target of media companies. 2. Foreclosure Foreclosure of the competitive arena is a central concern of EU competition policy in relation to vertical agreements and mergers. Restricted access to input markets (copyrights or contents) or to sales markets (customers, at retail level) may limit inter-brand competition. The extreme example is where a company, as a result of a vertical or horizontal integration, succeeds in simply barring the access to a given market to its competitors.However, in real life foreclosure does not arise in such simplistic terms and mostly materialises by indirect means. For example, by raising rivals’ costs, by raising barriers to entry or b y engaging in tying/bundling. Tying is particularly relevant in the media and telecom sectors given that it is often present in explicit (and in most cases, legitimate) commercial offers: for example, a bundled offer of pay-TV and Internet access, or both plus fixed telephony (so called â€Å"triple play†). The ability to raise rivals’ costs may easily arise where a dominant firm is in a position or acquires such position as a result of a concentration) to control the access by competitors to a given infra-structure or input (a technology or a copyright) and where it has the possibility to charge supra-competitive prices for such access. In the media sector one could think about, for example, access to a satellite platform for TV distribution or to a proprietary standard for Conditional Access System. A company in these circumstances is commonly referred to as a â€Å"gate-keeper†. A central element in the assessment of market power of a company and its possibil ity of foreclosing a given market is the concept of barriers to entry.Where entry barriers do not exist, easy entry will quickly eliminate the problem, even where the incumbent holds large market shares. Entry barriers might be described as â€Å"the advantages of established sellers in an industry over potential entrant sellers, these advantages being reflected in the extent to which established sellers can persistently raise their prices above a competitive level without attracting new firms to enter the industry†2. Although in most cases barriers to entry will indeed have an economic nature, they may in some cases assume other forms.Regulation may function as an entry barrier when it provides for the establishment of special rights, for example when only a limited number of licenses is foreseen. This is the case of terrestrial TV and/or radio broadcasting due to spectrum scarcity. 3. The dominance test Most competition law issues related to vertical and horizontal integrat ion in the media sector have been dealt with by the European Commission under the Merger Regulation, i. e. in respect of concentrations notified under the EC Merger Regulation3. As 2 3 1 Average Revenue per User.J. Bain, Barriers to Competition, H. U. P. 1965, p. 3. Council Regulation (EC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations 4 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira you know, pursuant to Article 2 (3) of the Merger Regulation, â€Å"a concentration which creates or strengthens a dominant position as a result of which effective competition would be significantly impeded in the common market or in a substantial part of it, shall be declared incompatible with the common market. The test applied by the Commission when assessing these operations was therefore a dominance test. The concept of dominance used under the Merger Regulation is equivalent to the one defined by the Court o f Justice in Article 82 cases: â€Å"The dominant position (†¦) relates to a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables it to prevent effective competition being maintained on the relevant market by giving it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumers†4. (†¦) such a position does not preclude some competition, which it does where there is a monopoly or quasi-monopoly, but enables the undertaking which profits by it, if not to determine, at least to have an appreciable influence on the conditions under which that competition will develop, and in any case to act largely in discard of it so long as such conduct does not operate to its detriment. †5 III.Vertical integration The reason why vertical integration is a particularly relevant competition issue in the media sector is because many media companies have during these past years actively sought to take vert ical integration as far as possible. This has been a constant between undertakings, OJ L 395/1, 30. 12. 1989, as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 1310/97 of 30 June 1997, OJ L 40/17, 13. 2. 1998. ECJ, United Brands, case 2/76, ECR [1978] 207. ECJ, Hoffman-La Roche, case 85/76, ECR [1979] 461. eature of the concentrations in the media sector assessed by the Commission. The multiplication of the presence of a company throughout a number of markets along the value chain of the product concomitantly multiplies the possibilities for such a company to foreclose one or more of the corresponding markets where the company possesses market power. In these circumstances, vertical integration may in itself raise barriers to entry. A number of recurrent competition issues has arisen in the cases dealt with by the Commission, and I propose to address the most significant ones. 1.The gate-keeper A gate-keeper role is played by a company possessing a certain infra-structure, technology or know -how allowing it to exert a significant degree of control in respect of the access to a given market. This degree of control is relevant from a competition point of view only where the market power of the gate-keeper is significant and where the infrastructure is a crucial gateway to the market or where the technology at stake is an essential input for any potential new entrant. A gatekeeper will be able to engage in exclusionary practices vis-a-vis its competitors and/or excessive pricing vis-a-vis its customers.A clear gate-keeper issue arose in the recent Newscorp/Telepiu case6, concerning the merger of the two Italian pay-TV platforms Stream and Telepiu. As a result of the merger, the new entity would become the gate-keeper in respect of the access to the only satellite platform in Italy for the provision of pay-TV distribution services. Furthermore, it would become the gate-keeper in respect of a number of technical services associated to 6 Case COMP/M. 2876 Newscorp/Telepiu. S ee prior notification notice in OJCE, C255, 23. 10. 2002, p. 20; press release IP/02/1782 of 29. 11. 2002; press release IP/03/478 of 02. 4. 2003. 5 4 5 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira pay-TV such as Conditional Access Systems, set-top boxes and Electronic Programme Guides. A gate-keeper issue also arose in the AOL/Time Warner merger7 approved in the year 2000. AOL was the leading Internet access provider in the US and the only provider with a presence in most EU Member States. Time Warner, on the other hand, was one of the world’s largest media and entertainment companies with interests in TV networks, magazines, book publishing, music, filmed entertainment and cable networks.The Commission found that the new entity resulting from the merger would have been able to play a gate-keeper role and to dictate the technical standards for on-line music delivery, i. e. streaming and downloading of music from the Internet. Consequently, AOL/TW could end up holding a dominant position on the emerging market for on-line music delivery. This could happen in two ways. First, AOL/Time Warner would be in a position to develop a closed proprietary formatting technology for all the downloads and streaming of Time Warner and Bertelsmann tracks.The formatting language of AOL/Time Warner could become an industry standard and competing record companies wishing to distribute their music on-line would be required to format their music using the new entity’s technology. Because of its control over the relevant technology, the new entity would be in a position to control downloadable music and streaming over the Internet and raise competitor’s costs through excessive license fees. Alternatively, AOL/Time Warner could format its music (and Bertelsmann’s) to make it compatible with its own software Winamp nly, ensuring at the same time that Winamp could support and play di fferent formats used by other record companies. By formatting its music and the music from Bertelsmann to make them compatible with its own software Winamp only, the new entity would cause Winamp to become the only â€Å"player† in the world capable of playing virtually all the music available on the Internet. By refusing to license its technology, the new entity would impose Winamp as the dominant music player as no other player would be able to decode the proprietary format of TW and Bertelsmann music.As a result of the merger, the new entity would control the dominant player software and could charge supra-competitive prices for it. 2. Foreclosure of input markets A given company may hold a significant degree control over the source of the different businesses at stake in the relevant markets, i. e. of the primary input at the top of the value chain of the product. In the media industries, this will generally refer to the company producing the audio-visual product (films, music, TV-programmes) and/or holding the corresponding copyrights.The control exerted at the source will become relevant from a competition law point of view where the amount or breadth of products and/or copyrights is such as to allow the company to gain a competitive advantage by means of exclusionary or discriminatory practices vis-a-vis its competitors. In AOL/Time Warner, for example, the combined entity would not only possess one of the largest music libraries in the world (Warner Music is one of the 5 music majors) but would also, due to contractual links, have preferential access to the library of Bertelsmann Music Group, also part to the group of the 5 music majors.This would result in the combined entity controlling the leading source of music publishing rights in Europe. 6 7 Case COMP/M. 1845 AOL/Time Warner, decision of 11. 10. 2000, OJ L 268/28, 9. 10. 2001. â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes P ereira The problem was aggravated due to the simultaneous notification of the projected merger between EMI and Time Warner8. The preferential access by AOL/Time Warner to the music copyrights of EMI, Warner and Bertelsmann would have put in the hands of the new entity half of all the music content available in Europe for on-line delivery.A similar problem arose in the Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus9 merger in respect of both music and films. Vivendi was a leading company in the telecommunications and media sector, with interests in mobile telephony networks, cinema production and distribution, and pay-TV services. Seagram was a Canadian company which, among other interests, controlled the Universal music and filmed entertainment businesses. In terms of content, the merged entity would have the world’s second largest film library and the second largest library of TV programming in the EEA.It would also be number one in recorded music combined with an important position in terms of publishing rights in the EEA. The position of Vivendi/Universal concerning music rights became particularly relevant in respect of the Vizzavi portal, a portal run by a joint-venture between Vivendi and Vodafone. The Vizzavi joint-venture10 had itself been notified to the Commission just some months before the Vivendi/Universal merger. 3. Leveraging A classic competition concern is the leveraging ability of the parties, i. e. their ability to transpose their market power in a iven market into a neighbouring market, thereby creating or strengthening a dominant position. This problem may become particularly acute in cases where the parties extend their activities into different product or services markets, something that is explicitly sought for by media companies wishing to distribute their products across different platforms. In the Vizzavi case, the creation of the jointventure raised concerns in respect of the ability of the parties to leverage their market power in the market fo r mobile telephony into the market for mobile Internet access.The stated purpose of the Vizzavi portal was to create a â€Å"horizontal, multi-access Internet portal†, providing customers with a range of web-based services across a variety of platforms (PCs, mobile phones, TV set-top boxes). As regards Internet access via mobile phone handsets, the issue arose in respect of the significant market position of Vodafone in the market for mobile telephony in a number of European countries (and of Vivendi in France). Vodafone and Vivendi already had a very significant customer basis in these countries and therefore a solid path to the future customers of the JV was already established.On the basis of their client basis for mobile telephony services, the position of the JV-parties in the market for mobile Internet access would be strengthened by the Vizzavi branded and integrated approach to Internet across various platforms, which would allow for cross-selling and bundling of offe rs. This would allow the new entity to leverage a strong position in the mobile telephony market into a dominant position on the mobile Internet access market.As regards Internet access via TV set-top boxes, a similarly solid distribution channel was also owned by Canal+ in respect of its customer basis for pay-TV services. A similar concern therefore arose in respect of the ability of Canal+ leveraging its strong market 7 Case COMP/M. 1852 Time Warner/EMI, see Press Release IP/00/617 of 14. 06. 2000. 9 Case COMP/M. 2050 Vivendi/ Seagram/ Canal Plus, decision of 13. 10. 2000, OJ C 311/3, 31. 10. 2000. 10 Case COMP/JV. 48 Vodafone/Vivendi/Canal Plus, see Press Release IP/00/821 of 24. 07. 2000. 8 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira position in the pay-TV market into the market for Internet access via set-top boxes. The overall concern therefore arose in respect of the ability of both Vodafone and Canal+ to m igrate their customer basis from the mobile telephony and pay-TV markets to the Internet access markets by using the already existing distribution channels. Another clear vertical leveraging issue arose in the Vizzavi case, as regards the buying power of the J-V parties.Already before the operation, Canal+ was an important buyer of content for pay-TV, such as TVprogramming, sports and films. Furthermore, it had a large customer basis accustomed to pay for content. The Vizzavi portal would combine a powerful new Internet access mechanism with paid-for content. Given the dominant position that the parties would acquire on the Internet access markets which I mentioned before, the operation would allow the parties to leverage their market power in the markets for Internet access into the market for the acquisition of paid-for content for the Internet.Moreover, the structural link between Vivendi and Canal+ and AOL France (55%) made the concern in respect of the increase in the bargainin g power of the parties even more serious. The leverage allowed for by the operation would naturally work in detriment of the parties’ competitors in the markets for mobile telephony and pay-TV. The concerns identified in the Vizzavi operation were strengthened when Vivendi and Canal+ notified some months later their acquisition of Seagram, the Canadian company owning the music and film business of Universal.The Commission considered that Canal+ would further increase its dominant position on a number of European pay-TV markets at national level. Already before the operation Canal+ enjoyed an almost monopolistic position in respect of the acquisition of the exclusivity on Hollywood films produced by the major studios (in France, Spain and Italy). The acquisition of Universal Studios would further strengthen Canal+’s position as purchaser of Hollywood films, not only in respect of Universal itself but also in relation to other studios due to underlying financial links.Du e to the vertical integration of Universal and Canal+, Canal+ would be able to leverage its position in order to secure the renewal of the exclusive agreements for pay-TV with all of the Hollywood studios and in fact also to enter into new deals. The bargaining power of Canal+ vis-a-vis the film studios would therefore be increased, allowing Canal+ to further foreclose the payTV markets where it already was active. 4.Network effects Let me now turn to another issue that often arises in media cases, most notably since convergence with the telecom industry became a reality: network effects. A network effect may, in simple terms, be described as the self-multiplying power of a network. In economic terms, a network effect occurs when the benefit of an individual who is linked to the network increases with the accession of other individuals. In AOL/Time Warner, the Commission found that the distribution strength of AOL combined with the content of Time Warner and Bertelsmann would create network effects n respect of both content providers and consumers: – for content providers, the AOL Internet community would become an essential outlet for the distribution of their products; – on their side, consumers, would be deprived of any incentive abandon AOL. The network effects would work both ways: more subscribers would bring more content and more content would bring more subscribers. Newcomers would also be attracted to AOL community because the 8 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira arger the community, the more the possibilities to chat and communicate through AOL. The reason for this lies at the critical mass of content owned by Time Warner and Bertelsmann (namely their huge music library) combined with the huge Internet community formed by AOL subscribers and the members to its Instant Messaging services. The critical mass of content owned by TW and Bertelsmann would att ract further music from other record companies. Competing record companies would feel obliged to distribute their products through AOL’s online outlet, which would end up having access to all the available music.Furthermore, AOL would be able to bundle TW and Bertelsmann music content (or filmed entertainment content) with Internet access and other proprietary services and give its subscribers preferential access to that content, allowing for instance its subscribers to access new releases before they were made public through other distribution channels. Attractive content such as music or films could also be used as promotional tools or loss-leaders in order to subscribe to Internetaccess services.Consequently, the more subscribers AOL would attract, the more important it would become as a carrier for content providers seeking to secure maximum distribution. First mover advantages are particularly strong in network industries. It comes as no surprise that, for example, mobil e telephony companies give away, or strongly subsidise, mobile handsets to their customers such as to quickly establish a significant customer basis leading to increasingly stronger network effects.This circumstance justifies a particular attention by the Commission when assessing concentrations in the media & telecom industries. The combination of network effects with a strong market position may significantly raise barriers to entry and consequently lead to market foreclosure. IV. Horizontal integration Competition problems which are specific to the media sector are more likely to be found in cases of vertical integration than in cases of horizontal integration.I would argue that in cases of horizontal integration, the competition issues arising in the media sector are equivalent to the ones to be found in any other sector. The issue basically concerns classic market power and the required exercise translates into measuring such market power with the help of the traditional analyt ical tools: market shares, barriers to entry, etc. Furthermore, there haven’t been that many examples of problematic cases of horizontal integration in the media sector dealt with by the Commission.The two most significant examples are probably EMI/Time Warner and the recent Newscorp/Telepiu. 1. The Newscorp/Telepiu case This concentration was notified to the Commission on 16 October 2002 and was cleared on 2 April 2003, further to the submission by the parties of an extensive package of undertakings. Newscorp, the acquiring firm, is a global media company, which is active in the film and TV industries, publishing (newspapers and books) and a number of other areas.It controlled the Italian (satellite) pay-TV platform Stream jointly with Telecom Italia. Telepiu, the acquired firm, was controlled by Vivendi Universal, itself a global media group. Telepiu is the dominant pay-TV operator in Italy. Its platform started operating via analogue-terrestrial means in 1991 and went on s atellite in 1996. The markets affected by the operation were: a) the market for pay-TV services; b) the markets for the acquisition of contents, namely: 9 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira G G G G premium films; football events; other sports; TV channels. parties’ music recording publishing11 businesses. and music It should be underlined that experience shows that some of this content, namely premium films and football, is crucial for the success of any pay-TV operation. The notified operation would give rise to significant horizontal overlaps and would have a very strong impact on actual competition.In more concrete terms, the operation would lead to: a) the creation of a near monopoly in the Italian market for pay-TV; b) the creation of a near monopsony in the markets for the acquisition of rights Furthermore, the characteristics of the markets at stake would cause entry barriers to rise signific antly. 2. The EMI/Time Warner case This concentration was notified to the Commission on 5 May 2000. It never materialised given that, further to a statement of objections issued by the Commission, the parties withdrew their notification.Time Warner is a global media company, with interests extending from film production and distribution to TV production and broadcasting, cable systems operation, magazine publishing, book publishing, recorded music and music publishing. EMI is a company incorporated in the UK, its main activities being music recording and publishing world-wide. The notified concentration involved the combination of the There were serious doubts as to the compatibility of the proposed operation with the common market due to the significant horizontal overlaps in the relevant markets.The assessment carried out by the Commission showed a very high likelihood of the operation resulting in a single dominance of the merged entity in the music publishing business and collec tive dominance, jointly with the other four remaining music â€Å"Majors†, in the market for recorded music. V. Remedies Having gone through some of the competition problems raised by vertical and horizontal integration in the media industry, let me now conclude by explaining how the Commission has tried to solve these problems.The Commission had to achieve a balance between two somehow conflicting elements: – on the one hand, the Commission was aware of the reasons that lead companies to seek further integration, namely where these reasons were related to clear efficiencies; – on the other, it became aware of the serious competition problems to which some of these concentrations gave rise, namely the risk of foreclosure of the affected markets. The approach taken by the Commission was therefore not to prohibit most of these operations but rather approving them on the basis of strict undertakings proposed by the parties and accepted as a condition for the approv al.However, the Commission can only accept commitments by the parties when the 11 Music publishing consists of the acquisition by publishers of rights to musical works and their subsequent exploitation upon remuneration, mostly in the form of a commission charged by the publisher to the author on the revenues generated by the commercial exploitation of musical works. 10 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira competition problems are effectively solved.In fact, the underlying objective of any remedy package should be to create the conditions for actual competition to subsist and/or for potential competition to emerge. This aim must be achieved by lowering barriers to entry in the affected markets and through the creation of competitive constraints which effectively operate as a disciplining and restraining factor of the dominant player. The main concern of the Commission in media-related cases was to ens ure access, access to the relevant markets or access to those crucial elements allowing for new entrants to establish themselves in those markets.In parallel, the Commission has often imposed divestitures or the severance of structural links that aggravated the foreclosure problems. 1. Remedies in the Newscorp/Telepiu case In Newscorp/Telepiu, the undertakings accepted by the Commission can be divided in three major groups: a) access to content, via namely a reduction in the duration of exclusivity agreements with premium content providers and the establishment of a sub-licensing scheme through a wholesale offer; b) access to infra-structure, i. . access to the satellite platform for pay-TV distribution as well as to the technical services associated with pay-TV; c) withdrawal from terrestrial broadcasting activities. As regards access to content, with respect to ongoing exclusive contracts, a unilateral termination right shall be granted to film producers and football clubs. Furthe rmore, the new entity will waive exclusive rights with respect to TV platforms other than DTH12 (terrestrial, cable, UMTS, Internet etc. ).The parties shall also waive any other protection rights as regards means of transmission other than DTH. With respect to future exclusive contracts, the new entity shall not subscribe contracts exceeding two years with football clubs and three years with film producers. The exclusivity attached to these contracts will only cover DTH transmission and would not apply to other means of transmission (for example, terrestrial, cable, UMTS and Internet ). Furthermore, the parties shall waive any protection rights as regards means of transmission other than DTH.Lastly, the merged entity shall offer third parties, on a unbundled and non-exclusive basis, the right to distribute on platforms other than DTH any premium contents if and for as long as the combined platform offers such premium contents to its retail customers. Such wholesale offer will be mad e on the basis of the retail minus principle and will imply an account separation and cost allocation between wholesale and retail operation of the platform. The beneficiaries of the wholesale offer shall be free to determine their own pricing policy.As regards access to the infra-structure, the merged entity shall grant third parties access to its satellite platform and access to the application program interface (API) and conditional access system (CAS), according to a fair non-discriminatory pricing formula. The new entity will also have the obligation of entering into simulcrypt agreements in Italy as soon as reasonably possible and in any event within 9 months from the written request from an interested third party. As regards the withdrawal from terrestrial activities, the merged entity shall divest of Telepiu's digital and analogue terrestrial 2 Direct To Home satellite. 11 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M . Mendes Pereira broadcasting assets and commits not to enter into any further DTT activities, neither as network nor as retail operator. The frequencies will have to be acquired by a company willing to include pay-TV broadcasting of or more channels in its business plan for the operation of the divested business after the switchover from analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting in Italy. . Remedies in the Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus, Vizzavi and AOL/Time Warner cases In Vizzavi, the project of the parties provided for the Vizzavi portal to be the default portal on Vodafone and SFR mobile phone customers, as well as on Canal+ set-top boxes. The Commission imposed the possibility of customers changing the default portal on their devices, as well as the possibility of competing telecom operators accessing the customers’ devices.This commitment by the parties prevented them from bundling their offers on a fully exclusive basis and prevented them consequently from l everaging their market power in a way such as to gain dominant positions in the markets for Internet access and Internet portals. In Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus, the parties undertook to grant access to Universal’s music content to any third party on a nondiscriminatory basis, therefore reducing the concerns in respect of the Internet portals market and the on-line music market.The parties also undertook not to offer more than 50% of the Universal’s film production to Canal+, thereby reducing the concerns in respect of the foreclosure by Canal+ of the pay-TV markets. As regards the severance of structural links, Vivendi undertook to divest from BSkyB in which it held a 25% stake. The severance of this link to Fox, namely through their joint venture UIP for the distribution of films in Europe, significantly reduced the impact of the acquisition of Universal.In AOL/TW, you may recall that the competition concerns started at the source, due to the breadth of music copyrigh ts that the new entity would control. Warner Music, combined with Bertelsmann music due to crossed shareholdings, and in addition the EMI library (should the EMI/TW merger be approved), would put in the hands of the new entity a huge amount of content that rendered the gate-keeper role played by AOL in respect of music player software and the network effects resulting from the AOL community as serious competition concerns. The abortion of the EMI/Time Warner merger already reduced significantly the competition concerns.Therefore, the attention of the Commission was focussed on the structural link between AOL and Bertelsmann in AOL Europe and AOL France. In this respect, AOL undertook to put in place a mechanism pursuant to which Bertelsmann would exit from AOL Europe. Once solved the problem at the source, the other concerns were partially dissipated. As regards online music delivery, AOL also undertook not to take any action that would result in Bertelsmann music being available on line exclusively through AOL or being formatted in a proprietary format that was playable only on an AOL music player.Conclusion If I had to sum up the Commission’s approach in three words as regards competition in the media markets, they would certainly be: access, access and access! No matter how far media companies integrate, vertically or horizontally, access is crucial. Access to inputs, access to contents and access to infra-structure remains fundamental in order to ensure the freedom of choice by the ultimate addressee of competition policy: the consumer. Thank you for your attention. 12

Creative Retention Strategies That Are Used by Organization Today

With the fast changing economic & market conditions, companies are facing very high pressure to perform which require them to have the best people to work with, to retain their experience minds; they want to be the most preferred employer in the eyes of their prospects (future employee). To retain their best talent companies are adopting various creative strategies. According to DQ-IDC recent survey on the reasons that make people change the job, the most important reason was salary & compensation but apart from that Career Development, Location, Flexibility of office hours, Job Security, Organization Culture & Welfare policies emerged as the main reason of changing job. There is not much change on the attrition front we have seen even after following many strategies; the biggest attrition rate is still in IT industry which is 18%, followed by banking & financial companies. The average retention rate has dropped from 82% in 2007 to 79% in 2008. Now when we look what companies are doing to retain their employees, we can find many interesting thing. Some of the creative retention strategies/practices followed by companies are 1. Flexi timing: – Many Companies are following this technique like Aditi technologies, Sap Labs etc. It seems these companies have got the right software of flexible timing. 2. Fun @ Work:- Many companies have made fun an integral part of the working & their companies values, some of them have linked the fun with their performance appraisal system like Wipro BPO, Acclairis Business solution pvt. Ltd., VCustomer Corp. etc. 3. Training & Development opportunity: – Many companies have understood that their people are the most important assets that’s why they want a continuous up gradation of their employee through short term training & development programmes. 4. Respect Your Employee: – When we look at the recent survey on â€Å"Employee retention† we can find respect & recognition at the work place has emerged as the one of the main reason of changing job. Almost every company is trying hard to pay due respect to their employee by many programme. On the spot award, Self Appraisal, Foreign trips, â€Å"Get well soon† Flower bouquets for ill employee or family members are such programmes to show the respect towards the employees. 5. Empower Your employee: – It is not a matter of surprise that Marriott Hotel India every employee is called â€Å"Associates† and the â€Å"Sir† culture is absent there, Associates are empowered enough to take decision, the same way RMSI who have freed his employee to calculate their own performance bonus, at any time on the internet. 6. Bridge the Gap:- Programmes such as â€Å"Coffee with GM† in Marriott Hotel, â€Å"Good Morning Qualcomm† in Qualcomm, Breakfast meeting by CEO etc Are tool to improve the communication & fill the communication gap between Manager & their subordinate & also to bring fairness in the system. 7. Work with Friends: – Many companies like Perot System hires 40% of the employee through employee referral channel to create a friendly college like environment & to bring a sense of belongingness among the employee. 8. Best Reward System:- Many organization started self chosen reward system in which an employee could decide his/her own target & reward, organization are adopting 3600 performance appraisal system to bring the fairness in appraisal system. Apart from above example I have seen many interesting example like Mind Tree consulting’s â€Å"Baby’s Day Out† programmes, Antakshri programme, Departmental Day Outs, Annual Spring party, Sabbatical for social services, Cadbury day, Dhoom machale etc. are some example followed in different organization to control the attrition. After looking all the above aspects in nut shell companies should keep in mind the most widely accepted HR definition which is the best mantra to retain the employee & that is—- â€Å"The genuine concern of people†.

David Kim English 121 Rough Draft Andrew Buckler F Essays

David Kim English 121 Rough Draft Andrew Buckler F Essays David Kim English 121 Rough Draft Andrew Buckler February 22 , 2017 CNN vs Fox News News stations have a dreadful amount of power over what society learns and believe. I believe all most people have grown up learning that the news has all facts and it is always right, however, we need to recognize with critical thinking about the accuracy of the information. To recognize about the accuracy of informations from news, I choose to write a contrasting and comparing essay. On August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, State of Missouri, a teen African American was shoot by a withe police officer. I am pretty sure this case is familiar, however how this case can differ from someone ' s perspective. I have read the most powerful two news stations in U.S, and how two different news stations CNN and FOX News published its case. I am writing this essay to contrast and compare how same news can be different by two different news stations. One of main funct ion of a title is making people to wonder and presume. Also, most people read titles first as usual. So the title has an incredible amount of power. One of the news articles that I am comparing, has a title like " Ferguson police say Michael Brown was suspect in robbery " (Fox News). I think this title tries to explain why the police officer had to shoot the African American with no other choice. However, CNN has a small different title. " Missouri teen shot by police was two days away from starting college " (CNN). It seems to me the publisher tries to make people sympathize. And also there is another difference in between CNN news and Fox News, is beginning informations and main point. CNN News begins with background information about Michael Brown. So people can know what kind of person he was. On the other hand, Fox News begins with back ground about the police officer ' s interview and how he is a good man and serving for mankind for city. Also the Fox News is telling why the officer had to fatal shot the unarmed black teenager. Moreover, they collected news from different group. CNN covered from the victim ' s acquaintance s or families. He was funny, silly. He would make you laugh. Any problems that were going on or any situation, there wasn't nothing he couldn't solve. He'd bring people back together, his father, Michael Brown Sr., told reporters. " ( Shoichet ,CNN). " However, Fox News focus on the police officer ' s excuses. " According to the police reports, Brown and his friend Dorian Johnson were suspected of taking a box of cigars from a store in Ferguson that morning. " (Fox News). There is also similarity in between CNN and Fox News, is they have published regarding circumstance. The most important thing when we read a news, is bewaring enough about how the information is accurate. First of all, CNN claims the officer should not have shoot the unarmed black teenager. Because he w as unarmed and he was surrendering. " H is hands in the air to show he was unarmed, when the officer opened fire. " (Shoichet,CNN) . On the other hand, Fox News claims why the officer had to fire through his interview. The Ferguson police say Michael Brown was suspect in robbery. " T he teen was killed after a robbery in which he was suspected of stealing a $48.99 box of cigars " (Fox News). Moreover, when the police opened fire, Michael tried to take his gun. So, Fox News advocates the police ' s decision. However, CNN focuses on why the naive black teenager got a shot by the Ferguson police. CNN explains that situations like he was walking on the street, even so he had never done threat people or robbery. Unlike CNN, Fox News explains about that time differently. " According to the police reports, Brown and his friend Dorian Johnson were suspected of taking a box of cigars from a store in Ferguson that morning " (Fox News). In fact, Michael Brown went that convince store with his friend Dorian Johnson the same as

Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Analysis of Nestle Nutrition

Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Analysis of Nestle Nutrition Introduction This paper presents a microeconomic and macroeconomic analysis of Nestle Nutrition. The microeconomic analysis will focus on the company and its market.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Analysis of Nestle Nutrition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The macroeconomic analysis, on the other hand, will focus on the macroeconomic factors that are likely to affect the success of the company. Nestle Nutrition is a multinational company that produces and sales nutritional supplements in the form of foodstuffs and drinks (Nestlà ©, 2013). Microeconomic Analysis Demand and Supply Factors The demand factors that affect the sales and profitability of the company include price, competition, income levels, and consumer tastes and preferences. Due to high competition in the market, an increase in the prices of Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s products is likely to decrease their demand, thereby r educing the firm’s sales (Mankiw Taylor, 2011, p. 67). This happens happen when Nestlà © increases its prices above those of its competitors. The large number of firms in the market has caused high competition. This limits the amount of output that Nestle can sale, thereby reducing its profitability. An increase in income levels among consumers usually leads to a rise in demand for the company’s products and vice versa. Additionally, the match between the quality of the firm’s products and the consumers’ tastes and preferences usually leads to an increase in its sales. The supply factors that affect the firm’s sales and profits include the cost of production, technological advancements, and the prevailing market price. A high market price encourages the firm to increase its production, thereby increasing its profits (McEachem, 2010, p. 102). Low costs of production (cost per unit of output) increase the firm’s profits by enabling it to ear n a high profit margin. Similarly, technological advancements enable the firm to lower its production costs in order to increase its profits.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market Structure Nestle Nutrition operates in a competitive market that is characterized with a large number of producers or sellers and buyers (Nestlà ©, 2013). Due to high competition, the buyers and sellers are price takers. Concisely, the prices of nutritional supplements are determined by the forces of demand and supply rather than individual producers and buyers. Moreover, the firms in the market produce homogeneous products. Concisely, their products have low levels of differentiation because they have more or less the same nutritional values and benefits. Nonetheless, the buyers do not have perfect information about products and prices. Thus, the market is not perfectly competitiv e (McEachem, 2010, p. 112). Sustaining Profitability Nestle Nutrition can continue to operate in the profitable market structure by reducing its production costs. For example, it can use cost saving technologies in the production and distribution of its products. A reduction in production costs will enable the firm to increase its profit margin by selling at the prevailing market price. Moreover, maintaining low production costs will enable the firm to lower its prices below the industry price (McEachem, 2010, p. 134). Thus, the firm’s nutritional supplements will be cheaper than those of its competitors will. The resulting increase in the demand for Nestlà © products will lead to increased sales and profits. Additionally, Nestlà © can advertise its products in order to increase their demand. This is because customers are likely to purchase a particular brand if they have adequate information about its qualities and price. Elasticity of Demand Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s pricing str ategy and competitiveness is likely to be affected by price elasticity of demand, cross price elasticity of demand, and income elasticity. Price elasticity of demand â€Å"measures the responsiveness of a product’s demand to a change in its price† (McEachem, 2010, p. 217). Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s nutritional supplements are likely to have an elastic demand because they have a large number of close substitutes. Furthermore, the buyers of the supplements have low switching costs. Thus, they can easily shift from one brand of supplements to another in the event of a price change.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Analysis of Nestle Nutrition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cross price elasticity of demand â€Å"measures the responsiveness of the demand of a product following a change in the price of a related product† (McEachem, 2010, p. 230). In this regard, the dema nd for Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s nutritional supplements will increase if the price of their substitutes or competing brands increase and vice versa. Income elasticity refers to the change in the demand for a product that occurs when the disposable income of its consumers changes. Since nutritional supplements are normal goods, their demand will increase if their consumers’ disposable income increases. Resource Utilization The company is utilizing its resources efficiently because it focuses on economy of scale in production. Its production plants, which are located in different counties, enable it to manufacture a large amount of products, thereby reducing the cost per unit produced, as well as, the distribution costs. The company also uses lean production technologies in order to eliminate wastages (Nestlà ©, 2013). This enables it to produce the optimal level of output at low cost. Macroeconomic Analysis The macroeconomic factors that are likely to affect Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s succ ess include economic growth, unemployment, inflation, business cycle, the balance of payment, and the exchange rate. A high economic growth leads to high income per capita and vice versa (Boyes Melvin, 2010, p. 289). Aggregate consumption usually increases when a country’s per capita income increases. Thus, a high economic growth will increase the demand for Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s products, whereas a low economic growth will reduce it. Consequently, the firm’s profits will be high during high economic growth and low during economic downturn. Aggregate demand is usually high in countries with low unemployment rate. This is because consumption rises when a large percentage of the population is engaged in gainful employment (Abel Bernanke, 2008, p. 378). Thus, Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s products will have a low demand in countries with high unemployment rate. On the contrary, the demand for its products will be high in countries with low unemployment rate.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Inflation refers to the percentage change in the prices of goods and services over a period such as a month. Ceteris paribus, an increase in inflation erodes consumers’ purchasing power, whereas its reduction improves consumers’ ability to purchase goods and services (Abel Bernanke, 2008, p. 413). Consequently, a high inflation will increase Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s production costs due to the increase in the prices of its inputs. The resulting increase in the price of its products will lower its sales and profits. On the contrary, low inflation will enable the firm to sell its products at a low price, thereby increasing its sales and profits. The balance of payment (BOP) is a record of the transactions between one country and the rest of the world in terms of imports and exports (Boyes Melvin, 2010, p. 371). A large BOP deficit is an indication that the country heavily depends on imports. In this case, Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s products are likely to face a high competition from imports if the country has a large BOP deficit. An appreciation in the value of the dollar makes USA’s products to be expensive in foreign markets. This will lower the demand for Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s exports in foreign markets. On the contrary, USA’s imports will be cheaper than locally produced goods. Consequently, Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s nutritional supplements will lose their competitiveness. Nonetheless, the products will be more competitive than imports if the dollar weakens. The business cycle has four phases namely, decline, recession, recovery, and boom (Boyes Melvin, 2010, p. 461). Recessions are characterized by very low aggregate demand. Thus, Nestle is likely to make losses due to low demand for its products during a recession. On the contrary, an economic boom is associated with high aggregate demand (Arnold 2010, p. 213). Thus, Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s sales and profits are likely to increase during economic booms. Aggregate demand usually reduces during economic de cline and increases during the recovery phase of the business cycle. In these stages of the business cycle, Nestle can remain profitable if it is able to reduce its operating costs. Conclusion Nestlà © operates in a highly competitive market that has a large number of producers and buyers. It can overcome the competition by reducing its production costs and marketing its products through advertisements. Macroeconomic variables such as inflation, exchange rate, and unemployment have both positive and negative effects on aggregate demand. Thus, the company should take into account the levels of these variables when formulating its pricing and expansion strategies. References Abel, A Bernanke, B 2008, Macroeconomics, Routledge, New York. Arnold, R 2010, Macroeconomics, McGraw-Hill, New York. Boyes, W Melvin, M 2010, Macroeconomics, Palgrave, London. Mankiw, G Taylor, M 2011, Microeconomics, McGraw-Hill, New York. McEachem, W 2010, Microeconomics, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Nest là © 2013, About Us. Web.

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting with N and O

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting with N and O Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letters N and O used in chemistry and chemical engineering. Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With N n - nanon - neutronn0 - neutronn - neutron emissionN - NewtonN - NitrogenN - Normal (concentration)n - number of molesNA - Avogadro constantNA - Not ActiveNA - Nucleic AcidNa - SodiumNAA - N-AcetylasPartateNAA - Naphtalic Acetic AcidNAC - Naphthenic Acid CorrosionNAD - Nicotinamide Adenine DinucleotideNADH - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide - Hydrogen (reduced)NADP - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide PhosphateNAS - National Academy of ScienceNb - NiobiumNBC - Nuclear, Biological, ChemicalNBO - Natural Bond OrbitalNCE - New Chemical EntityNCEL - New Chemical Exposure LimitNCR - No Carbon RequiredNCW - National Chemistry WeekNd - NeodymiumNe - NeonNE - Non EquilibriumNE - Nuclear EnergyNG - Natural GasNHE - Normalized Hydrogen ElectrodeNi - NickelNIH - National Institutes of HealthNiMH - Nickel Metal HalideNIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology nm - nanometerNM - Non MetalNMR - Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceNNK - Nicotine-derived Nitrosamine KetoneNo - NobeliumNOAA - Nation al Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNORM - Naturally Occurring Radioactive MaterialNOS - Nitrous OxideNOS - Nitric Oxide SynthaseNp - NeptuniumNR - Not RecordedNS - Not SignificantNU - Natural UraniumNV - Non-VolatileNVC - Non-Volatile ChemicalNVOC - NonVolatile Organic ChemicalNW - Nuclear Weapon Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With O O - OxygenO3 - OzoneOA - Oleic AcidOAA - OxaloAcetic AcidOAc - Acetoxy functional groupOAM - Orbital Angular MomentumOB - Oligosaccharide BindingOC - Organic CarbonOD - Optical DensityOD - Oxygen DemandODC - Ornithine DeCarboxylaseOER - Oxygen Enhancement RatioOF - Oxygen FreeOFC - Oxygen Free CopperOFHC - Oxygen Free High thermal ConductivityOH - alcoholOH - hydroxideOH - hydroxyl functional groupOI - Oxygen IndexOILRIG - Oxygen Is Losing - Reduction Is GainingOM - Organic MatterON - Oxidation NumberOP - OrganophosphateOQS - Occupied Quantum StateOR - Oxidation-ReductionORNL - Oak Ridge National LaboratoryORP - Oxidation-Reduction PotentialORR - Oxidation-Reduction ReactionOs - OsmiumOSHA - Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSL - Optically Stimulated LuminescenceOTA - OchraToxin AOV - Organic VaporOVA - Organic Vapor AnalyserOVA - OVAlbuminOWC - Oil-Water ContactOX - OxygenOX - OxidationOXA - OXanilic AcidOXT - OXyTocinOXY - Oxygen

East European Jews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

East European Jews - Essay Example They were greeted with hostility the moment they landed in New Amsterdam. The government of the day also treated them with contempt and denied them religious freedom as is evident from Governor Peter Stuyvesant’s view that â€Å"If we grant liberties to the Jews, we will have to grant them also to the Lutherans and the Papists† (Kampelman 586). It was indeed a long and hard struggle for the community to gain basic rights. â€Å"What shall we do with these rejected and condemned people, the Jews?† (Noble) Surprisingly, these were the words of Martin Luther King Jr., the champion of the civil rights movement and an iconic figure in American history. In his speech, he goes on to propose- â€Å"synagogues should be burned to the ground; their houses destroyed; their prayer books seized; their rabbis forbidden to teach on pain of death †¦ they should be prevented from traveling in the countryside and their wealth confiscated †¦ the young and strong should be forced to do menial work in order to prevent them feasting and farting †¦ we should toss out these rogues by the seat of their pants† (Noble) Across the Atlantic, the Nazis did not miss this propaganda opportunity. Hitler mentions in Mein Kampf that Luther is a â€Å"great historical protagonist† and someone he admired greatly. Irrespective of his real intentions, Martin Luther offered in his writings a historical and intellectual justification for the Holocaust, which the Nazis took pains to exploit† (Noble). The attacks in West Hartford, Connecticut and New York City stand out among numerous other occurrences in the 1980’s. There was a series of such incidents leaving behind burnt synagogues, destitute families and shattered livelihoods. The expressway shootout was another example of such pattern of events where Yeshiva students and other Jews, descendents of East European Jews, were targeted in 4 such shootouts during a 3 month period (Time 18). The disappointing fact about anti-Semitism in America

The Nature of Human Conflicts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Nature of Human Conflicts - Coursework Example People hold different beliefs about their environment, sometimes this brings about conflict if at all laws put across do not acknowledge ones interests. From this people tend to believe that laws are only made for the interest of that in power and not for the interest of the whole society (Kalinich, 2000, p. 35). Conflicts can also emanate from our genetic composition. These involves our reasoning and mental capacity. Every individual has a unique genes passed from one generation to another. The ability of ones understanding of the law depends on his brain capacity whether he is of sound mind or not (Kalinich, 2000, p. 38). There are different managerial typologies that are used to describe police administrators approach to conflict resolution one being scientific management. Here the police come up with a defined method of handling different criminal charges; in addition to that the judicial criminal system tries to come up with ways in which the police can carry out their duties without disruption to ensure efficiency (Kalinich, 2000, p. 102). The second managerial approach is process approach. These are different processes take place in a criminal justice agency to ensure resolution of conflicts. The police ensure discipline at all cost. Work is divided on line of specialization and directions are offered from authority in place. Another managerial typology focuses on human needs. It is important to notice that every individual ha s different needs. The most important ones are basic needs also known as physiological needs. These needs are well described by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Kalinich, 2000, p.

Major Paper 2500 words - subject religions of asia Essay

Major Paper 2500 words - subject religions of asia - Essay Example g of expansion of open communes, to promote education in Muslim nations, and to recognize and prioritize radical asylums so as to engage with greater efficient in the war against terror. According to certain approximations there is an estimated number of 1.2 billion Muslims globally, and of these around 60% are to be found in Asia. 15% are Arab Muslims and one third of the Muslim population is living in South Asia (Malbouisson, 2006). Islam in Southeast Asia is more temperate in nature as compared to in most of the Middle East. This is partially due to the manner in which Islam has developed in Southeast Asia. Islam was first introduced in Southeast Asia by traders instead of military invasions as was the case in most of South Asia and the Middle East. Buddhist, Hindu, and animist cultures in Indonesia also covered Islam. It was at the end of the seventeenth century that Islam reached most of Southeast Asia. Asian Islam is more politically varied as compared to the Middle Eastern Islam. In Asia Islam has been experiencing a renewal. RAND analyst Angel Rabasa clears out many elements that have contributed to this Islamic revival in Asia. Those factors are national as well as external. Domestically, the influence of globalisation and the effect of western tradition are responsible for it, particularly the influence of speedy industrialization and the resultant urbanization. In 1997 there was the Asian economic disaster due to which the dictatorial Suharto government was overthrown and it resulted in political space for Indonesian Islamists. Muslim nationalist rebels have been continuing their effort in the Philippines and Thailand whereas the Parti Islam se Malaysia has exerted through the political organisation so as to encourage an Islamist programme at the same time as in antagonism in Malaysia. External factors consist of the present circumstance of Iraq and Afghanistan, the Arab-Israeli dispute, the 1979 Islamic transformation in Iran, the taking out of

Western civilization class assignment (about 20th centrury)

Western civilization class (about 20th centrury) - Assignment Example iii) During the war, it happened that African Americans, women, and the Mexican Americans were able to find new opportunities in the industry. However, the Japanese who were living on the Pacific coast relocated to internment camps. According to Robert (143), the difference in the Allie’s visions of postwar Europe had a basis on the divergent intentions of each country that was involved. The Soviet Union intended to make Europe communistic. In this way, it would be easier for her to rule Europe. However, this was not possible as it portrayed a lust for power on the Soviet Union’s side. The United Kingdom also wanted the USA and Europe to cooperate with its ideas and policies but, again, this was not possible. Moreover, France wanted Europe to be free from the USA as was portrayed in her bid to establish the European Union. The result of these differences was the emergence of the Cold War, for instance, between the USA and the Soviet Union in their bid to have control over Europe. The Cold War saw countries like China and Japan getting closer to the Western countries to avoid the war-pact Soviet Union and its allies (Robert, 167). The independence of the European colonies came from the Cold War between America and the Soviet Union. There was a creation of new countries during this period with some full of natural resources while others desperately poor. This change led to the loss of interest in these nations by their European colonizers. The Cold War complicated the US support for decolonization though it continued with the war to prevent Soviet Union’s domination in Europe. All the US’ European allies believed that after their recovery from WW II, their colonies would provide markets and raw materials for the growth of Europe’s economy. However, the American government’s intention clearly showed that it was on the opinion of letting the colonies slip away. This factor

Hospitality Industry Placement Subject Assignment

Hospitality Industry Placement Subject - Assignment Example During my tenure within the workplace for the past 1 year, my prime aim has been to ensure friendly along with competent food and beverage related service which leaves up to the expectations of the guests at this well-acclaimed restaurant. The Chinese restaurant i.e. Iron Chef in situated in Cabramata, NSW Australia. I had obtained the scope of performing the assigned job role during the course of doing Bachelor of Business major in hospitality (2012-2013). Within the course I have come across, a number of concepts such as customer relations, systems and procedures, human resource responsibilities along with health & safety. Subsequently, the provided learning experience during placement has facilitated me to attain hands on experience regarding these academic notions. With these understandings, the report is being submitted with an aim to integrate the real workplace experience with the academic learning. 2. Description of the Organisation Iron Chef Chinese Seafood Restaurant is a p opular seafood restaurant in Australia. It delivers around 200 varieties of dishes to the customers (Iron Chef, n.d.). It has different luxury private dining rooms, each with unique themes and styles. Each room is decorated and is constructed with art audio and visual facilities. In this restaurant, all the offered dishes are very delicious and attract a lot of guests who are primarily seafood lovers. The offered delicious foods come in a variety of flavours. The restaurant also offers the facility to arrange certain occasions such as wedding, and birthday party among others (Iron Chef, n.d.). Despite the fact that the restaurant offers an exclusive location for the guests with high quality seafood,... It has been observed that Iron Chef is one of the leading Chinese Seafood and eco-friendly restaurants of Australia which offers special dishes for the Chinese people but it also offers certain local dishes for the residents of Australia. All the dishes of Iron Chef are delicious and the rooms of the restaurant are well-furnished and decorated, moreover it also has some luxury facilities. Despite the fact that the restaurant has been quite successful to meet the ever-evolving challenges in the Australian marketplace, it needs to focus on ensuring a greater visibility of the restaurant amid the global consumers. Iron Chef can provide greater focus on marketing and promotional activities to draw major consumer base. In addition, it also needs to render greater emphasis on training and development activities of its managerial level and supervisory level employees. Another factor which needs to be considered is inventory management which could enable Iron Chef to minimise its overall ope rational expenses by a considerable extent.

Critically evaluate the reasons for the recent global financial Essay

Critically evaluate the reasons for the recent global financial crisis, in the light of the articles in reference and other rele - Essay Example There are presently many analyses of the crisis, perhaps the best one appearing as a recent report from the United States Congress. It agrees with most analyses that, at least mark the origins of the crisis as occurring in the United States. and most of these analyses seem to reflect the two points of views that divide the US political system. In general one view would say that the crisis was precipitated by the greed of Wall Street speculators and subprime lenders. The other side would point to the victims of the crisis in the US, the ones who didn't have credit but agreed to take upon mortgages for housing they couldn't afford. The main effort of this report will be to describe how the crisis happened and rapidly spread to the UK, England, and other parts of the world. It will try to understand the corrective policies and measures that have been made. Finally it will address the question of who has responsibility for the crises occurring. Discussion The Setting On the eve of the of the 2007-2008 global economic crisis it is significant that all but a handful of the world's learned economists, despite the gradually accumulating data, could not see the disaster coming (Verick and Islam, 2010). Most of advisors were still under the influence of the 2001-2007 boom. Apparently this boom stood upon a shaky economic foundation that forced even the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to revise their forecasts. To understand the economics feeding this "straw boom", one must review world macroeconomics leading to it. There were two oil crises during the 1970s (Verick and Islam, 2010). The latest one occurred in 1979. This one produced a economic slowdown through the 1980s that especially characterized the developing countries. These countries had their economies more or less influenced by structural adjustment programs (SAPs) controlled by Western developed countries (Verick and Islam). SAPs were rendered by reduced macroeconomic volatility under the wisdom of government directed monetary policy in most of the developed countries. The 1990s can be experienced as low growth among these countries, with the Asian 1998 financial crisis all the more keeping that growth in low wings. The technology dot-com collapse occurred in 2001 and after it settled, the developed countries begin to collect themselves in a period of so-called sustained boom. Economist Robert Shiller is noted for reporting that the US housing boom started in the late 1990s (Verick and Islam, p. 15). This is notable as many commentators have placed blame for the current crises on the US monetary policy which lowered policy interest rates to 1 percent in 2003. The claim is that this effort in effect freed liquidity in US markets, heightening borrowing while creating debt-financed consumption (of housing). The point is that housing prices was on the rise in the US market before 2003. But even by that time, it only became more substantial as an open field for (housing) specula tors. The period from 2002 through 2007 became filled with "robust optimism". Bernard Beneche, a widely respected economist later to be Chair of the US Federal Reserved, termed the period as one of "Great Moderation". Global economic balances were fed by surplus capital from China and other Asian and Middle East countries, primarily into the US housing market, that is, the mortgage debt market. At this time,

Hospitality Industry Placement Subject Assignment

Hospitality Industry Placement Subject - Assignment Example During my tenure within the workplace for the past 1 year, my prime aim has been to ensure friendly along with competent food and beverage related service which leaves up to the expectations of the guests at this well-acclaimed restaurant. The Chinese restaurant i.e. Iron Chef in situated in Cabramata, NSW Australia. I had obtained the scope of performing the assigned job role during the course of doing Bachelor of Business major in hospitality (2012-2013). Within the course I have come across, a number of concepts such as customer relations, systems and procedures, human resource responsibilities along with health & safety. Subsequently, the provided learning experience during placement has facilitated me to attain hands on experience regarding these academic notions. With these understandings, the report is being submitted with an aim to integrate the real workplace experience with the academic learning. 2. Description of the Organisation Iron Chef Chinese Seafood Restaurant is a p opular seafood restaurant in Australia. It delivers around 200 varieties of dishes to the customers (Iron Chef, n.d.). It has different luxury private dining rooms, each with unique themes and styles. Each room is decorated and is constructed with art audio and visual facilities. In this restaurant, all the offered dishes are very delicious and attract a lot of guests who are primarily seafood lovers. The offered delicious foods come in a variety of flavours. The restaurant also offers the facility to arrange certain occasions such as wedding, and birthday party among others (Iron Chef, n.d.). Despite the fact that the restaurant offers an exclusive location for the guests with high quality seafood,... It has been observed that Iron Chef is one of the leading Chinese Seafood and eco-friendly restaurants of Australia which offers special dishes for the Chinese people but it also offers certain local dishes for the residents of Australia. All the dishes of Iron Chef are delicious and the rooms of the restaurant are well-furnished and decorated, moreover it also has some luxury facilities. Despite the fact that the restaurant has been quite successful to meet the ever-evolving challenges in the Australian marketplace, it needs to focus on ensuring a greater visibility of the restaurant amid the global consumers. Iron Chef can provide greater focus on marketing and promotional activities to draw major consumer base. In addition, it also needs to render greater emphasis on training and development activities of its managerial level and supervisory level employees. Another factor which needs to be considered is inventory management which could enable Iron Chef to minimise its overall ope rational expenses by a considerable extent.

Developing a Philosophy, Goals, and Objectives Term Paper

Developing a Philosophy, Goals, and Objectives - Term Paper Example tatement and it points out the principles and attitudes that guide decision making, then the health centers philosophy should read: We recognize the needs of our poor and diverse community and offer care reverential of our clients traditions, culture, economic status, and religious conviction. According to Kenny (2012, p. 43), "In practice, organizational objectives are what the organization wants from its key stakeholders". The major stakeholders of Mountain View Health Center include patients, the community, and community based organizations (Laureate Education, 2013b). In this respect, the objective should read: To create a health care delivery system that encourages and supports high quality and affordable care to the community and migrant workers. On the basis of the needs of the community and migrant workers, the goal should read: To recognize electronic medical records as a fundamental factor that could improve health care quality at lower costs. In terms of insights, I have learnt that achieving projected outcomes is dependent on the way goals and objectives are formulated and implemented. This is due to the fact philosophy, goals, and objectives of an organization provides direction (Lorenzi, 2011). In other words, the organization is able to identify areas to direct resources as well as attention in order to achieve the intended results. In a nutshell, organizational philosophies, goals, and objectives guides the decision making process as it helps the organization identify where to direct